Commercial Arbitration In The Islamic Middle East Case Study

1.2 Commercial Arbitration in the Islamic Middle East Massive world’s oil reserves lie in the countries lying in the Gulf, and most of the world corporations are keen to do business in the region. Therefore, the Co-operation Council from now on referred to as GCC is well represented in the international business environment. Countries trading with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have complained about lenient or ineffective modern arbitration rules and regulation in the member states. However, progress has been made from the previous decades. Oman, passed legislation in 1997 allowing implementation of the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1985 which was later amended in 2006. However, some countries have shown†¦show more content†¦Many scholars are of the view that contemporary methods of arbitration have compatibility with the sharia laws but practices by some countries in the region have been frustrating to the arbitration cases mostly touching on oil concession with western firms. The primary focus includes the rules of sharia regarding arbitration about the local law in these countries will be made when necessary. 1.2.1 Arbitration under Sharia Laws Arbitration in local and international roles is present in the Islamic Middle-East. Nowadays, the countries in Islamic Middle-Eastern countries like the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain is a reflection of centuries-old practices where individuals and companies relied on arbitration within to solve disputes. The history of commercial arbitration in the region is replete with a shaky history. Currently, the model of arbitration used in the region does not incline toward the western arbitral system. The main reasons for this are due to the role played by religion in shaping both political and legal structure. To this regard, it has a high influence in influencing the conceptualization of the process of arbitration in the region. In the context of resolving disputes in the Islam sharia law recognizes such and tahkim as the primary methods of resolving the dispute. Sulh can be compared with the Western concept of addressing disputes where the parties reach an agreement without seeking help from a third party. Contrary, withinShow MoreRelatedPolitical Analysis of Qatar3720 Words   |  15 Pagesconstitution, and launch of Al Jazeera. Qatar served as headquarter and one of the main launching sites of U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. In December 2010, Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA world cup and thus Qatar will be the first country of Middle East to host the tournament. Qataris celebrate their national day on 18th December. 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Analysis On The Data Collected For The Present Study

Introduction This chapter presents the results of the analysis on the data collected for the present study (i.e., pre-writing test, immediate-post-writing test, and delayed-post-writing test). It describes statistical analysis of the differences in the number of each cohesive device (i.e., reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction) in the three tests conducted within and among three treatment groups (i.e., direct feedback group, coding with underline group, and control (no feedback) group). The short- and long-term effects of WCF are examined by comparing the pre-writing test with the immediate-post-writing test and the delayed-post-writing test. The statistical analyses in this chapter are conducted to investigate the following†¦show more content†¦For the second research question, the pre-test and the immediate-post-test essays are compared within each group by using the paired t-test. In addition, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to investigate the difference in the number of each cohesive device between the three treatment groups. The same statistical analysis was conducted for the fourth research question; the pre-test and the post-test essays are compared within groups as well as the number of cohesive devices in the post-test essays was compared between groups. Before proceeding with the statistical analysis for the research questions, homogeneity of the pre-test essay between groups was verified; the researcher conducted the one-way ANOVA to ensure that there is no significant difference in the number of cohesive devices employed in the pre-test essay. The significant level was set at 0.05 (ï  ¡0.05). Except for the difference, no other significant difference was found for the coded group. As for the direct group, the results showed no significant difference in any kinds of cohesive devices. Table 10 Difference in the Long-term Period Within Each Experimental Group WCF Devices Test N Mean SD t p Direct Reference Pre 27 0.74 1.06 -1.4644 0.1551 Post 27 1.19 1.21 Substitution Pre 27 0.19 0.4 0.7004 0.4899 Post 27 0.11 0.32 Ellipsis Pre 27 1.48 0.94 -0.22535 0.8235Show MoreRelatedThe Costs And Benefits Of Financial Advice Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesIndia) This study talks about current scenario of the financial advisory industry of India, in which growth of the financial intermediaries, scope and facing challenges of the industry is well defined. †¢ The research paper on â€Å"A Study on Individuals Investors Behavior in Stock Markets of India† by Rakesh HM aims to understand the behavior of individual investor in stock market, specifically their attitude and perception with respect to the stock market. 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Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur Free Essays

string(49) " and democratic styles of classroom management \." Question 1 1. 1. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the role of communication in creatinga sustainable positive atmosphere in your classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communication is the transmission of an idea by someone, thesender, and the understanding thereof by another, the receiver. Communication is important to the success of any relationship,without it the relationship is doomed to fail. In order to increase thequality of the relationship the communication needs to be effective. Effective communication between the educator and the learners Inhis/her class is essential in order to create and maintain a positiveatmosphere in the classroom. 1. 2. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the importance of establishingpositive educator-learner relationships in the creation of a sustainablepositive atmosphere in your classroom. A positive educator-learner relationship is important as it enablesboth the educator and the learners to risk being honest with eachother, care about each other, it promotes interdependence, ensuresmutual needs are met and allows each individual to develop their  own individuality. The creation of the above leads to trust between the educator andlearners and as such will result in a positive classroom atmosphere. Creating a good educator-learner relationship involves the following(Coetzee 2010:87): ? Creating open, professionally appropriate dialogue with learners. ?  Ã‚  Systematically building better relationships with learners. ?  Ã‚  Maintaining a high rate of positive to negative statements. ?  Ã‚  Communicating high expectations. ?  Ã‚  Creating opportunities for personal discussion. Guidelines that can be used to avoid the negative effects of educator  expectations are as follows (Coetzee 2010:87): †¢ Use sensitive information on learners carefully. †¢    Be flexible in your use of group strategies. Be careful how you respond to low-achieving learners duringclass discussions. ? Use materials that show a wide range of ethnic groups. Be fair inyour evaluation and disciplinary procedures. ? Communicate to all learners that you believe that they can learn. ? Involve all learners in learning tasks and privileges. ? Monitor your non-verbal communication. . 3. Discuss how you would promote learner participation in a multiculturalclassroom by creating a learning environment that supports socialising andintercultural interaction . ? I would first read through all the learning materials for that givensubject in order to determine if there is any aspect of the work or  activities which may be culturally insensitive to any of thelearners in the class. ? I am aware that cognitive learning styles are culturally dependentand therefore will use a variety of teaching styles, methods andstrategies in my teaching of the class. ? In order for the learners to participate and actively cooperate witheach other it is necessary to be aware of any instances of  cultural insensitivity immediately and take action, a way to avoidthese situations, I could allow those members of differentcultures to explain about certain aspects of their culture to theother members of the class. This way I as the educator and theclass will learn about other cultures. ? I expect all the learners in my class to achieve to the best of their  ability as all people are able to learn provided they put in the timeand effort to do so. I am also aware that the academic andlearning ability of learners differ, so they at the beginning of theacademic year are required to set their own personal goals whichthey then work towards. These goals set are at levels slightlyabove what each learner believes they can achieve in order tochallenge them. When checking work done in activities the class needs to assistthe learner who is answering the specific question if they makean error in order to correct it, if they are unable to detect or  correct the error, I as the educator assist in guiding them to thecorrect answer. Question 2 2. 1. Name five ways in which educators can improve learner motivation in theclassroom . a) Make the learning task more challenging. b) Place less emphasis on teaching and grades. c) Move from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation. d) Have high expectations of each learner. e) Increase the learners ¶ perception that they control the learningsituation. 2. 2. Draw up the following of a classroom policy: 2. 2. 1. Aims and objectives of our class . Class Aims: To achieve our academic and intellectual potential through hardwork as a cooperative group, while promoting the acceptance of  others and respect for others. Individual Objectives: Each individual sets their own goals to achieve at the end of theyear (long-term) in order to contribute to the overall class aim. In order to achieve their own end of year goals the learners setshorter term goals in order to assist them in achieving their long-term goals. 2. 2. 2. Rules for our classroom . 1) We must respect ourselves, others and the educator. 2) We must be on time. 3) We must enter the class quietly, and get ready to work. 4) We need to bring all our stationary and books to class. 5) We must raise our hands to ask questions in class. ) We must not eat nor drink in class7) We must never disrupt another learner ¶s work. 8) We don ¶t leave litter on the floor, we put it in the bin. 2. 2. 3. Task division . Educator: ? Always prepared and punctual. ? Provide assistance to learners. ? Manage the classroom appropriately. ? Discipline learners fairlyLearners: ? Ensure all work is completed on time. ? Maintain a clean learning environment. ? Resp ect one another. ? Make sure all learning materials are brought to class. 2. 3. Define the following concepts: 2. 3. 1. L eadership The ability of an individual to influence other individuals or a groupto achieve goals. 2. 3. 2. C ntrol Assessment of work done and where necessary to realign andcorrect work done which is incorrect or not up to standard. 2. 3. 3. I ntrinsic motivation An inner desire to be successful at a certain task (self-motivation) 2. 3. 4 . C ommunication The transmission of an idea by someone, the sender, and theunderstanding thereof by another. Communication can be verbal or  non-verbal. 2. 3. 5 . Co-operative learning A team approach to learning where each member of the group isdependent on the other members to accomplish a specific learningtask on an assignment. 2. 4 . Describe the autocratic and democratic styles of classroom management . You read "Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur" in category "Essay examples" Autocratic leadership style: Autocratic leadership is an educator-centred approach to theclassroom which is characterised by the strong leadership role of theeducator. The main focus of this type of leadership is on thecompletion of tasks and the learners ¶ ability to listen, work and do. Theadvantages of this type of leadership include the promotion of goodorder and an established routine in which some learners feel moresecure. The drawbacks of this type of leadership include one-waycommunication, rigid discipline, passive learner participation, a morereserved and unapproachable educator and little room for creativethinking. Democratic leadership style: This leadership style is characterised by educators that have goodsubject knowledge, who are good natured, helpful, fair, and warm. Educators who practice this management style encourage learner  participation. The advantages of this type of leadership include learner  confidence to participate in classroom activities, a relaxed positiveatmosphere and learners constantly being involved in learningactivities. 2. 5 . Explain how a message is conveyed by referring to the communication processmodel . In order for there to be communication there first needs to be apurpose for communication or a message to be conveyed. Thismessage is then encoded by the sender and passed onto the receiver  via a communication medium. The message is then decoded by thereceiver. This results in a transfer of meaning from the sender to thereceiver, who then may give feedback back to the sender. Question 3  µ A delict is an unlawful, culpable (intentional or negligent) act (or omission)committed by a person, which infringes the rights of another or causes himor her harm.  ¶ (Coetzee 2010:188) ? To constitute delict, one person must have caused harm or damage to another byhis or her action or conduct . The conduct must be voluntary human action and maybe either a positive action or an omission .  µ In terms of this element of delictual liability the school can be held liable asthey failed to remove the piece of steel or at least clearly demarcate thearea around the piece of steel, in order to make people aware of it. Thecoach, knowing that there is a possibility that players could fall during thewarm up due to the nature of the sport, could also be held responsible asthe teams were responsible for choosing a warm up area and the coachshould as such have checked the area for any objects that could causeharm to team members. The act which causes harm must be wrongful, that is, it must be legallyreprehensible or unreasonable in terms of the legal convictions of the community . To test for unlawfulness, the boni mores principle is applied . The question here iswhether the harm caused was unjustified in the circumstances . I n the absence of  wrongfulness a defendant may not be held liable .  µ The school can be held liable as they should have taken all precautions tohelp to prevent an injury of this nature to any person on their schoolgrounds. Knowing that they were hosting a basketball tournament theyshould have removed any objects that could cause injuries to any playersor clearly demarcate the areas where there could be concerns over theplayer ¶s safety. The coach in being responsible for the safety of his teamshould have thoroughly inspected the area chosen for the warm up for anydangerous objects. ? The act must be the result of fault in the form of intent (d  olus) or negligence(culpa) . Fault refers to blameworthy attitude or conduct of someone who has actedwrongfully .  µ The coach of the team was negligent as he should have inspected thearea for any danger to the players, if he had done so he would have seenthe piece of steel and then either have chosen a different warm up area or  at least warn the players to either avoid that area or be careful around it. The school could be seen to be negligent for failure to remove the piece of  steel or clearly demarcate the area around the piece of school. ? There is a casual relationship between the conduct of the perpetrator and the harmsuffered by the victim . I general, it should be shown that the person ·s injury didresult from the actions of the person charged with negligence . I n other words, theremust be a clear casual relationship between the act and the injury . A person cannotbe held liable if he or she has not caused any damage .  µ The school ¶s negligence in not removing the piece of steel or demarcatingthe area around it resulted in the injury to the player, as such they can beheld lia ble. The coach for not thoroughly inspecting the area in which theplayers would warm up could also be held liable. ? A delict is a wrongful and culpable act which has harmful consequences . Damagesin the form of patrimonial loss or non-patrimonial loss must be present . There mustbe a connection between the negligent conduct and the injury (physical or mental ) . To receive an award for damages, a plaintiff must have suffered an injury as a resultof the defendant ·s negligent conduct . The plaintiff must prove that some damageoccurred . Although the injury or damage does not need to be substantial for anaward to be ordered, the injury must be real rather than be imagined . The courts aregenerally reluctant to award damages where there is not some form of injury .  µ Damages are present which are due to the negligent conduct on the partof the school, not removing the piece of steel or demarcating the areasurrounding the piece of steel, and coach, for not thoroughly inspectingthe area on which his players will be using to warm up. Contributory fault is where a learner does not show the degree of carenormally expected form someone of his or her age, knowledge andexperience. If this is present the educator will not be solely liable for anydamages resulting from an injury by his or her act. In the case in question,if the basketball tournament is for a junior age group (ie. under 15 ¶s) or asenior age group (ie. under 18 ¶s) will determine if there is contributory faulton the part of the learner ¶s. Under 18 learners ¶ can reasonably beexpected to be responsible enough to check themselves for any danger onthe warm up area chosen. Whereas the under 15 learners ¶ cannotreasonably be expected to check for any danger. How to cite Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur, Essay examples

Community Health Care Resources

Question: Write an essay on "Community Health Care Resources". Answer: Demographics of population at risk Australia is developing as a nation with the high standard of living, but still there are people who are struggling in Australia due to health related issues and poverty. The population vulnerable to health risk includes indigenous groups and person living with poverty and disability. The change in the pattern of societies such as ageing population, immigration policy shift, and different economic status contributes to health risk in children, homeless, ethnic group and older Australians. Increased number of Australians with disability and health hazard will create challenges for health care service in the future (Sunderland et al., 2013). The number of people with disability is increasing everywhere in Australia. It is estimated it will rise to 2.3 million by 2030. With increased number of older people, dementia will be the greatest contributor to disease. About 15% children are living in jobless families, and many people live in the socially disadvantaged area due to poverty. Abori ginal and Torres Islanders suffer due to lack of access to proper health care. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury from accidents, diabetes, etc. is the leading cause of death in ethnic groups. Problems like serious illness, substance or alcohol abuse, socioeconomic factors (low level of education, housing, income, and employment) further aggravate the health problem in ethnic groups of Australia (Gubhaju et al., 2013). Evidence-based strategies to improve health outcomes There are various community-based interventions to improve health outcomes in developing countries. Infant mortality rate has increased in developing countries since past two decades. Initiatives have been taken by World Leaders at the United Nations Millenium Summit. The major goal was to reduce the death of infants. Their emphasis was on the implementation of cost-effective health care service to save mothers and newborn babies lives. Their aim was to identify interventions which have enough evidence of its efficacy to be included in community-based neonatal care programs. They identified critical gaps in knowledge for conducting future research and program learning. They reviewed all the evidence based on size, location, design and impact on prenatal mortality. The evidence-based study interventions were analyzed for biological plausibility of intervention. Data from the vulnerable population in developing countries helped in the foundation of the integrated approach to neonatal h ealth care (Lassi et al., 2015). The implementation of clinical practice is a useful tool for improving the quality of care. There was a study on the development of clinical guidelines in Netherland and its experience. The study developed all evidence-based guidelines after a rigorous procedure and selecting strategies. They observed that acceptance of directives was high in vulnerable population. A multi-faceted approach like social consensus, scientific journals and visits by peers helped in effective dissemination of clinical intervention. Such programs should be delivered through conventional channels to improve care (Lindsay et al., 2016). Health care resources of vulnerable population The dimensions of vulnerability depend on social stress and coping method of society. Stigma involved with illness, poverty and race, lack of social support, physical and cognitive impairments contribute to vulnerability in health. Australia already has a high quality of health care resources. Despite this, they have various challenges in meeting health care needs of the vulnerable population and addressing those needs. The common health care resources of Australia are Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. It coordinates in the improvement of heath care service in Australia by identifying problems and recommending solutions or actions to be taken. Australia's Government, health minister, and other health care services deliver health care services in collaboration with government and non-government sectors. There are public health and preventive services, emergency medical services, hospital-based treatment, rehabilitation care and palliative care. The majority o f public care is funded by the Australian government. There are services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups and health and medical research services (Masoe et al., 2014) Nursing interventions provide quality care to the vulnerable population. Nurses can play a role in addressing health-related risk and giving quality primary health care to people in Australia. From the demographical study of the vulnerable group, it is seen that most people are at risk due to poverty, low access to health care and living in underdeveloped areas. So nurse could recognize the psychosocial burden of individual with disability and disease and play their role in educating them about preventive care methods to manage disease conditions (Grove et al., 2014). Many people don't go for health care service because of high cost, fear of losing confidentiality, not having an idea about treatment process and availability of health care options. Nurse plays a role in this regard by their communication skills. The nurse needs to engage people with health care and educate them about risky behaviors that affect health. They may educate them about the choice of health care providers and how to get linked with them to address their health concern. It will he lp to bridge the barrier between vulnerable people for accessing primary care. Indigenous Australians experience poor health and have shorter life expectancy. The nurse can play a role in the delivery of culturally oriented care and developing access to quality health care service for them (Melnyk et al., 2014). Strategies for plan implementation Addressing cultural issues: People are often influenced by their culture and because of those views; they do not undergo many treatment procedures. Health care service can play a role in creating heath care literacy and awareness among the vulnerable population of Australia. Programs like Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health will help in decreasing health gaps and giving more knowledge about management of diseases like diabetes, dementia, etc (Purnell, 2014). Making health care affordable and accessible to vulnerable groups: Vulnerable groups are living in interior and lower developed areas of Australia. They face significant health-related risk due to lack of access to the preventive clinical test. To remove these problems, the strategy is to make health care accessible to those areas. Healthcare staffs could arrange for a preventive screening test for diseases in the vulnerable population. This is vital for preventing diseases. Secondly, the major problem is faced because many people cannot afford specific health care procedures. There could be approached to develop innovative and low cost health care models. This will give health care equity, and it will also help in maintaining health risk of community (Levesque et al., 2013). Implementation of policies and better eating habits: Vulnerable population is experiencing risk from diabetes due to unhealthy lifestyle and poor diet. Educating mass about healthy eating habit is crucial. The standard nursing intervention includes preparing charts and explaining the importance of proper balanced diet to affected people. The role of the government is also important in combating diseases and empowering people to live the healthy life. For example, the Australian government has National Health Policy to identify and improve health care system in Australia (Blank Burau, 2013). Reference Blank, R. H., Burau, V. (2013).Comparative health policy. Palgrave Macmillan. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. R. (2014).Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gubhaju, L., McNamara, B. J., Banks, E., Joshy, G., Raphael, B., Williamson, A., Eades, S. J. (2013). The overall health and risk factor profile of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants from the 45 and up study.BMC public health,13(1), 1. Lassi, Z. S., Middleton, P. F., Crowther, C., Bhutta, Z. A. (2015). Interventions to improve neonatal health and later survival: an overview of systematic reviews.EBioMedicine,2(8), 985-1000. Levesque, J. F., Harris, M. F., Russell, G. (2013). Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations.International journal for equity in health,12(1), 1. Lindsay, E., Wooltorton, E., Hendry, P., Williams, K. and Wells, G., 2016. Family physicians continuing professional development activities: current practices and potential for new options.Canadian medical education journal,7(1), p.e38. Masoe, A. V., Blinkhom, A. S., Taylor, J., Blinkhorn, F. A. (2014). Factors Influencing Provision of Preventive Oral Health Care to Adolescents Attending Public Oral Health Services in New South Wales, Australia.J Dent Oral Health,1, 1-9. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineoutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Nursing,11(1), 5-15. Purnell, L. D. (2014).Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis. Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M., Andrews, G. (2013). Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(1), 56-61.